高一英語定語從句總結(jié)
TheAttributiveClause
一、定義從句概念
在主從復(fù)合句中,修飾主句某一名詞或代詞,作定語的從句,叫做定語從句。Eg.YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.在這個句子中,everything是,that是。總結(jié):先行詞一般是或,定語從句中必須要有連接主從句,在定語從句中作成分,但當(dāng)其作賓語時,可以省略。關(guān)系詞分為和,關(guān)系詞有三個作用:連接作用;在定語從句中作成分;替代先行詞。
二、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
常見的關(guān)系代詞有:who,whom,which,that,whose1.TheboybrokethewindowisTom.Ilikethegirlstudiesveryhard.2.ThegirlwesawisLily.
HewastheteacherIaskedforhelp.ThepersonyoutalkedtoisMr.Li.ThepersonyoutalkedisMr.Li.Thepencilhewaswritingwithbroke.Thepencilhewaswritingbroke.3.Theplaneisamachinecanfly.ThenoodlesIcookedweredelicious.4.Theroomwindowfacessouthismine.Theroomthewindowfacessouthismine.Theroomthewindowfacessouthismine.思考:who指,在定語從句中作。whom指,在定語從句中作,可省略。在口語中who也可以作賓語。which指,在定語從句中作或。作賓語時可省略。
that既可指,也可指。在定語從句中作或,作賓語時可省
略。指人時,相當(dāng)于或;指物時,相當(dāng)于。
whose既可指,也可指。在定語從句中作,總是與它所修飾的詞
(n.)一起出現(xiàn)在從句中。如果whose所修飾的名詞是無生命的詞,可用“the+n.+ofwhich”或“ofwhich+the+n.”來代替“whose+n.”總結(jié):在做題是,先分析主句,找出先行詞,判斷出先行詞所做的成分,然后確
定關(guān)系詞。
擴展:關(guān)系代詞只用that不用which的情況1.當(dāng)先行詞是4個thing(something,everything,nothing,anything)以及all,every,any,few,little,theonly,thevery,theright等來修飾時,用that引導(dǎo)。Theoldmanwrotedownallhehadgonethroughinhislife.YoumustdoeverythingIdo.ThisistheverywatchIlostyesterday.
Heisoneofthestudents(whois/are)praised.Heistheonlyoneofthestudents(whois/are)praised.2.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時,用that引導(dǎo)。
IwillalwaysrememberthefirstlessonwasgivenbyMr.Smith.ThisisthebestbookIhaveread.
3.當(dāng)先行詞既包括人又包括物時,用that引導(dǎo)。
Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthethingstheyrememberedintheschool.4.當(dāng)主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時,用that引導(dǎo)。Whoisthepersonisstandingatthegate?Whichisthebookyouhaveread?思考:什么情況下不能用that?實戰(zhàn)演練:
課文中的句子:
1.Ahugecrackwaseightkilometerslongandthirtymetreswidecutacrosshouses,roadsandcanals.
2.Thenumberofpeoplewerekilledorseriouslyinjuredreachedmorethan40,000.
3.Then,latertheafternoon,anotherbigquakewasalmostasstrongasthefirstoneshookTangshan.
4.Thearmyorganizedteamstodigoutthoseweretrappedandtoburythedead.
5.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorshomeshadbeendestroyed.
6.PremierWentalkedwiththeleadersfromdifferentcountrieswerewearingtraditionallocaldress.
AwhichBwhenCwhereDwho
7.Thevisitorssaythatthey’llneverforgotthedaystheyhavespentvisitingHainanProvince.
AwhichBwhenChowDwhere
8.Thefamilymembersareallmusiclovershasgonetotheconcert.AwhoseBwhichCthatDwhat
9.ThebridgethedesignersaretwoAmericansattractsmanyvisitors.AwhoseBofwhichCthatDwhich
10.Doyouknowthemanthelittlegirlisturningtoforhelp?AwhoseBwhichCwhatDwhom點擊高考:
1.(201*全國)Theprizewillgotothewriterstoryshowsthemostimagination.AthatBwhichCwhoseDwhat2.(201*北京)Childrenwhoarenotactiveordietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.
AwhatBwhoseCwhichDthat
3.(201*湖南)I’vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschoolImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.
AwhoBwhereCwhenDwhich
4.(201*浙江)Thesettlementishometonearly1,000people,manyoflefttheirvillagehomesforabetterlifeinthecity.
AwhomBwhichCthemDthose
5.(201*江西)Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstructionhadtakenmorethanthreeyears.
AforwhichBwithwhichCofwhichDtowhich6.(201*山東)That’sthenewmachinepartsaretoosmalltobeseen.
AthatBwhichCwhoseDwhat
7.(201*山東)Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhousesarebuiltclosetoeachother.
AtheyBwhereCwhatDthat
8.(201*全國)Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomethingwassomeone’sfault.
AwhoBthatCasDwhat三、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
常見的關(guān)系副詞有:when,where,why
1.October1st,1949wasthedaythePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.
2.Thisismyhometowntherehasabeautifulview.3.Thereasonhewaslatewashemissedthebus.思考:
when表示,在定語從句中作。其先行詞一般為表示時間的詞。where表示,在定語從句中作。其先行詞一般為表示地點的詞why表示,在定語從句中作,其先行詞一般為reason。注意:關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞(which)
eg.Thisistheroomwelivedlastyear.Iwon’tforgetthedaysIstayedwithyou.Isthisthereasonhewassohappy?思考:先行詞是表示時間、地點、原因的詞時,關(guān)系詞一定用when、where、why
嗎?
eg.IstillrememberthedayIfirstcametoBeijing.IstillrememberthedayIspentinBeijing.ThisisthehouseIlived2yearsago.ThisisthehouseIbought2yearsago.Thereasonhewaslateisthathiscarbrokedown.Thereasonhegaveusisnotreasonable.
總結(jié):關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的使用區(qū)別:關(guān)鍵看其在定語從句中所做的成分。實戰(zhàn)演練:
1.Wehaven’tfoundagoodplacewearegoingtoplaceournewsofa.
AthatBwhichCwhatDwhere
2.HewaseducatedatBeijingUniversity,hewentabroadandsettledthere.AafterthatBafterwhichCinwhichDinthat
3.Edibleoil’s(食用油)safetyisasubjectwehavearguedforalongtime.AofwhichBwithwhichCaboutwhichDintowhich4.I’mgoingtovisitthefactoryyourbrotherworkedafewyearsago.AwhichBwhereCthatDwhen
5.Thereasonherefusedtoattendthemeetingwasthattheydidn’tgivehimaninvitationearlier.
AwhichBwhyChowDwhen
6.WhenthereportermetLiuXiang,hewasinasituationhewasnotfeelinghimself.
AwhichBwhereCwhenDthat思考:where的先行詞必須是一個地點名詞嗎?
Canyouthinkofsomecasesstudentsobviouslyknowtheproblemsbutcan’tworkthemout?
IhavereachedapointinmylifeIamsupposedtomakedecisionsofmyown.(09浙江)點擊高考:
1.(201*陜西)Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriendsweenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.
AwhichBwhereCwhoDthat
2.(201*天津)Thedaysaregonephysicalstrengthwasallyouneededtomakealiving.
AwhenBthatCwhereDwhich
擴展閱讀:高一英語必修一定語從句總結(jié)
定語從句
一、三個概念
1.定語從句:用來修飾某個名詞、代詞或整個句子的從句就叫做定語從句。
2.先行詞:定語從句所修飾的詞就叫做先行詞,它一般是由名詞、代詞或句子充當(dāng)。
3.關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞就叫做關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞用以連接先行詞與定語從句,關(guān)系詞既有替代先行詞的作用,又在從句中充當(dāng)著一個成分。
例:Theboywhoissingingatthestageisonlynineyearsold.
先行詞關(guān)系詞定語從句
Anyonethatiswillingtohelpothersiswelcometoourgroup.先行詞
定語從句
關(guān)系詞
二、要點
1.先行詞與定語從句之間要有關(guān)系詞(有時可省略)2.關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)緊跟在先行詞之后3.關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)某一成分三、關(guān)系詞的用法
關(guān)系代詞:who/whom/that/which/whose1.先行詞是人時,關(guān)系代詞用who/whom/that.(1)who/that表主格:
Thegirlwho/thatisdrawingisJim’ssister.Themanwho/thatlivesnextdoorisfriendly.(2)whom/that表賓格(who可用于口語中)可省略:Theboy(whom/that)wetalkedaboutwillcome.Heistheman(whom/that)wesawyesterday.2.先行詞為物時,關(guān)系代詞用which/that.(1)which/that表主格:
Aplaneisamachinewhich/thatcanfly.Marylikesmusicwhich/thatisquietandgentle.(2)which/that表賓格,可省略:
Thecar(which/that)heboughtwasasecond-handone.Thefilm(which/that)wesawlastnightwaswonderful.3.whose:表所有格,先行詞既可以是人,也可以是物Theworkerwhosearmwasbrokenwassenttohospital.Theriverwhosebanksarecoveredwithtreesisverylong.關(guān)系副詞:when/where/why
關(guān)系副詞可替代的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞why=forwhich
where=in/at/on/...which(介詞同先行詞搭配)when=during/on/in/...which(介詞同先行詞搭配)
1.when:指時間,其先行詞表示時間,在句中作時間狀語。例:Thiswasthetimewhenhearrived.
IwillneverforgetthedaywhenImetmyfavoritestar.2.where指地點,其先行詞表示地點,在句中作地點狀語。例:Thisisthefactorywhereheworks.NanjingistheplacewhereIwasborn.
3.why指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語作用。例:Nobodyknowsthereasonwhyheisoftenlateforschool.Isthisthereasonwhyherefusedouroffer?
注意:關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和“介詞+which“結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
例:IwillneverforgetthedayonwhichImetmyfavoritestar.【when】
NanjingistheplaceinwhichIwasborn.【where】Isthisthereasonforwhichherefusedouroffer?【why】四、關(guān)系代詞that的特殊用法只用that的情況
1.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.
2.被修飾的先行詞為all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,theone等不定代詞時,只能用that,而不用which.
例如:Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuyintheshop?3.先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,little,few等詞修飾時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:ThisisthesamebikethatIlost.
4.先行詞里同時含有人或物時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:IcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepicturesthatIsawintheroom.
5..以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:Whoisthegirlthatiscrying?
6.主句是therebe結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which.例如:
ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.7.先行詞在主句和從句中都作表語時,只能用that.例如:Heisnotthemanthatheoncewas.8.先行詞是theway時,只用that
不用that的情況1.先行詞為that,those時,用which,而不用that.例如:What’sthatwhichisunderthedesk?
2.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時,一般用which,而不用that.例如:Thisistheroominwhichhelives.這是他居住的房間。3.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,用which,而不用that.例如:Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.
五、判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一:用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如:
ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.這是我去年呆過的山村。
I"llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.我永遠不會忘記與你共事的日子。判斷改錯:
(錯)ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.(錯)IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.(對)Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.(對)I"llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.習(xí)慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞where,when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
方法二:準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysago?
A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone
例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.
A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone
答案:例1D,例2A。
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌篢hisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where,that,onwhich都不能起到賓語的作用,只有theone既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關(guān)系代詞,所以應(yīng)選D。
而句2中,主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因inthemuseum詞組,可用介詞in+which引導(dǎo)地點狀語。而此題中,介詞on用的不對,所以選A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時,選擇關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,that,which,whose);先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞(where地點狀語,when時間狀語,why原因狀語)。
非限制性定語從句
非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明,通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開,將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。但是限制性定語從句不能被省略,否則句意就不完整。1.which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分
2.當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如:
CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.3.非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞,對其進行修飾,這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù),例如:
HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.
Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.4.有時as也可用作關(guān)系代詞
5.在非限定性定語從句中,不能用關(guān)系副詞why和關(guān)系代詞that,而用who,whom代表人,用which,whose代表事物。
as,which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句
1.由as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當(dāng)于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.
2.as和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點:
(1)as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可。(2)as代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。
(3)當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時,常用which。
Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.(4)as的用法例
thesameas;suchas中的as是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu),和一樣。
Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).例2.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,常帶有"正如"。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語;
例2中,它充當(dāng)從句的主語,謂語動詞know要用被動式。
定語從句的難點
1.限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況
2.關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是:(1)As和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,代表前面整個句子。
Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.
(2)as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一個主句;which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外,as有“正如,正像”的意思Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.
HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.注意:當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時,常用which。Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.(3)當(dāng)先行詞受such,thesame修飾時,常用asIhaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.
注意:當(dāng)先行詞由thesame修飾時,偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句,但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同
SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.
注意:定語從句suchas與結(jié)果狀語從句suchthat的區(qū)別:as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語,賓語;that在結(jié)果狀語從句中不做成分
HehassuchagoodlaptopasIwanttobuy.HehassuchagoodlaptopthatIwanttobyone.
3.以theway為先行詞的定語從句通常由inwhich,that引導(dǎo),而且通?梢允÷。
Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.
4.but有時也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句
Thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.(but=whodon’t)
5.區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句
(1)定語從句修飾先行詞,它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系;同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容,是補充說明的關(guān)系TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定語從句Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位語從句
(2)定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),關(guān)系詞在句中充當(dāng)成分,有時可以省略;同位語從句主要由that引導(dǎo),在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等詞引導(dǎo),充當(dāng)成分
Thenewshetoldmeistrue.Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.
Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.定語
Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.(3)同位語從句和先行詞一般可以用be動詞發(fā)展成一個完整的句子,而定語從句不可以發(fā)展成一個完整的句子,
Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.同位語
Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.
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