英語寫作套路
英語寫作套路
一、作文的基本模式寫作框架:
第一段:thesis,supportingdetails點(diǎn)題,提出論點(diǎn)
過渡句topicsentence,中間段body:該句是中間段(第二段、核心段)的領(lǐng)頭句,是第一段過渡到中間段(第二段)的橋梁,是承上啟下的連接句,它直接關(guān)系到中間段的發(fā)展方向,因此,務(wù)必寫好它,做到簡(jiǎn)單、巧妙、通暢,不拖泥帶水。
在核心段要注意各層次之間的轉(zhuǎn)換、連接。如果是同類思想,用moreover,inaddition,what’s
more等。如果情況相反,則用however,nevertheless等。
結(jié)尾段conclusion:該段是全篇文章的總結(jié)段,應(yīng)該緊扣開頭,回答問題或者表達(dá)出作者的觀點(diǎn)。
NoPains,NoGains
(1)Nearlyeverycivilizationhasitsownequivalenttotheproverb“Nopainsnogains”.Itmeansthatnothingthatisreallyworthhavingcanbegainedwithoutpainstakingeffortsandthatnoknowledgeorskillcanbeacquiredwithoutsweatortoil.
(3)Youdon’thavetolookveryfartoprovethetruthoftheproverb.Darwin’sgreatdiscoverywasnottheworkofmomenteffortbutwasprecededbyyearsofpatient,arduousobservation.
MozartwasnotanaccomplishedpianistattheageofeightastheresultofwatchingcountlesshoursofTV.NordidEdisonmakehimselfthegreatestinventorintheworldbyspendinghissparetimeonegoingtopartiesandbars.Hiswords“Geniusis99percentperspirationandonepercent
inspiration”revealthesecretofthousandsofsuccessfulmenandwomen.Allaccomplishmentsandsuccesstheyachieved,withoutexception,comefromsustainedendeavor.
(9)Althoughitisanoldsayinganditsillustrationismainlyfoundinfamouspeople,nopainsnogainsalsohasitsprofoundandrealisticsignificanceinourcollegestudies.Tohaveagoodgradeinacourse,toacquireknowledgeinaparticularfield,ortoattainanyacademicgoalsrequiresgreatexertionandpersistenteffort.
第一句點(diǎn)題,自然貼切。第三句為過渡句,引出下文。中間段用了三個(gè)名人的故事,證明開頭所提的觀點(diǎn),信手拈來,論證貼切,自然。用Although…句引出結(jié)尾段,總結(jié)全文,表達(dá)出作者的基本觀點(diǎn)。
二、作文布局與技巧
I.開頭段如何寫:奇筆開篇(開篇要新奇以吸引讀者的注意力,造成先聲奪人的效
果);開宗明義(使得觀點(diǎn)明確,主題清楚,贊成什么,反對(duì)什么,在文章的開頭把自己的觀點(diǎn)明確、清楚地亮出,可以使文章在開始就有了立足的根基);起承轉(zhuǎn)合(起筆就要定好基調(diào),定好如何展開下文;中間部分頭尾兼顧;結(jié)尾則應(yīng)呼應(yīng)開頭)
以格言、引語開頭
Time
“Timeandtidewaitfornoman.”Thisisaproverbwelearnedinhighschool.Simpleasitis,it
tellsaneverlastingtruthoflife.Timeneverstopsforanyoneoranything,soallhavetosurrendertoitsquick-passingsteps.Thepressingproblemthenis:howtomakegooduseofit?Peoplemayhavedifferentattitudestoit.
以定義法開頭
Hope
Whatishope?AccordingtotheGreekandRomanmythology,hopeisthelastthingthatisleftin
Pandora’sbox.Itissomethingthatalwaysstayswithpen-pienomatterwhatkindofmisfortunehashappened,andencouragespeopletofightwiththemisfortuneuntilthelastmoment.
Anyonewhohassomeexperienceswillagreethatlifeishard.
以開宗明義、之抒胸臆的句子開頭
OnBooks
Booksareofvariouskindsandhavedifferentcontents.Wehavehistorybooksrecordingpast
events,geographybooksdealingwiththeearth,mathematicsbooksfocusingonspaceandnumbers,languagebooksdealingwiththemeansofcommunicationandliterarybooksreflectingsocialproblems.Inaword,wehavevariousbookstacklingdifferentoccurrenceintheworld.
Then,whatisthefunctionofreading?
以數(shù)字開頭
PopulationofaSmallIslandState
Fromthediagram,wecanseethatbetween1990and1950,thepopulationofthestateremaineda
littlemorethan200,000.Since1950ithasbeenincreasingrapidly.Inthepastfourdecades,thepopulationhasgoneupoverthreetimes.
Thereareseveralreasonsfortheincrease.Firstly…
現(xiàn)象法開頭
AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofAdvertisements
Nowadays,itisdifficulttofindapublicplacewithoutadvertisement.Wereadadsinthepress,see
themonthetelevision,andhearthemovertheradio.Evenwhenwewatchaballgame,adswillmeetoureye.
Itistruethatineconomicactivitiesadvertisementsareplayingamoreandmoreimportantrole.
Theytellpeopleaboutnewproductsandhelppromotesales.以扣人心弦的故事材料開頭
GunCrimes
MymindwentnumbwhenIsawthegunpointingagainstthecarwindowsaspulledoutofthe
garage:Thiscan’tbehappeningtome.ThenIfeltthegun,cold,againstmyhead,andIheardmyfriendJeremysaying,“Whatdoyouwant?Takemywallet,”butatthetimeIthoughtofnothing.
Irememberbeingvaguelyannoyedwhenthegunmanpulledmefromthecarbythehair.
以引用語開頭
OnceaThief,AlwaysaThief?
“Becarefulofhim.Maybehewillstealsomethingfromyou.Hewasonceathief.”Weoftenhear
otherstalkingaboutsomebodylikethis.Peopleoftendonotbelieveapersonwhohasoncebeenathief.Butonehasoncebeenathief,oneisalwaysathief?
Somepeoplebelievethatonceapersonhascommittedsomekindofcrime,hewillneverbea
respectableman.Theythinkthatthefactapersononcehasbeenathiefshowthathewantstobeathiefinhisdeepheart.
提出問題式開頭
Hobbies
Whatdoyouthinkoftheroleofhobbiesinyourdailylife?Doyouhaveanyhobbies?It’s
well-knownthathobbiescanenrichoursparetime,moldourtemperamentandfreeusfromtheseverepressurederivingfromthecompetitionconcerningworkandstudyaswell.
Differentpeoplehavedifferenthobbies.Somepeoplelikeactivehobbies,thatis,sportssuchasplayingfootballorbasketball,running,swimmingandskating.Others…
2.作文中間段(核心段)的寫作技巧核心段的結(jié)構(gòu)特征:
Sub-topicsentence(該句為過渡句,責(zé)任重大,既要承上啟下,又要統(tǒng)領(lǐng)整個(gè)第二段,務(wù)必寫好它。)Ideasandsupportdetails過渡好了以后該怎么辦?接下來的是最關(guān)鍵的部分,可以分兩點(diǎn)或三點(diǎn)來加以論述,提出一個(gè)idea,再找出supportdetails,然后再提出第二個(gè)idea,再用supportdetails來論證它…。有具體論證、舉例、對(duì)比、設(shè)問、演繹歸納、記敘、邏輯順序、時(shí)間順序等寫作方法。中間段的寫作要注意:
1)意思的完整性2)意思的統(tǒng)一性3)意思的連貫性
3.結(jié)尾段
結(jié)尾應(yīng)剛健有力、簡(jiǎn)潔明快,不拖泥帶水。好的結(jié)尾一般有這么三個(gè)特點(diǎn):簡(jiǎn)潔有力,出人意料,寓意無窮。
具體方法論有:總結(jié)全文,卒章顯志(直接總結(jié)全文,將作者的觀點(diǎn)或全文的中心思想在最后高度概括和盤托出,具有歸納性和總結(jié)性),首尾呼應(yīng)(對(duì)開頭所講的觀點(diǎn)、看法,提出一個(gè)滿意的解決方案),終局點(diǎn)睛(在文章的末尾用一兩句含義豐富的話點(diǎn)出全篇的主旨所在,或表達(dá)作者的某種感情和思想),提出建議、發(fā)出號(hào)召(總結(jié)全文,也對(duì)未來提出展望)
信號(hào)詞:
1.總括過渡詞
asarule,asfarasIamconcerned,asforme,economicallyspeaking,generallyspeaking,inmyopinion,inmyview,insomerespects,obviously,onalargerscale,onapersonallevel,practicallyspeaking
2.同類過渡詞
both…and…,equallyimportant,foronething…foranother…,inasimilarway,inthesameway,likewise,namely,similarly,thatis,thesameas
3.對(duì)比過渡詞
conversely,insharpcontrast,in/bycontrast,onthecontrary,ononehand…ontheotherhand,otherwise,ratherthan,unlike,but,whereas
4.舉例過渡詞
Acaseinpointisthat…,asanillustration,forexample,forinstance,suchas,asantherexample,asstillanotherexample
5.列舉過渡詞
firstofall,first,second,third,inthefirstplace,initially,tostartwith,firstandforemost,furthermore,inaddition,moreover,What’smore,finally
6.原因過渡詞
byvirtueof借助,由于,dueto,considering,asaresultof,given,inviewof,onaccountof,onthegroundsthat,owingto,seeingthat
7.讓步過渡詞
although,inspiteof,itistrue…but,eventhough,ofcourse,certainly,admittedly,indeed,true
8.轉(zhuǎn)折過渡詞
nevertheless,however,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,yet
9.強(qiáng)調(diào)過渡詞
anyway,chiefly,evenworse,moreoftenthannot,mostimportantofall,needlesstosay,nodoubt,particularly,tobesure
10.目的過渡詞withtheaimof,forthesakeof,withaviewto,forthepurposeof
11.承接過渡詞
uponreceivingthenewsthat=assoonas,asamatteroffact,sotospeak,however,asitwere,dayafterday,yearinandyearout
12.條件過渡詞given,aslongas,providedthat
13.結(jié)論過渡詞
allinall,accordingly,asaconsequence,asaresult,byandlarge,consequently,hence,inbrief,inconclusion,ingeneral,inshort,itfollowsthat,onthataccount,onthewhole,therefore,thus,toconclude,tosumupinaword,withtheresultthat,insummary
擴(kuò)展閱讀:英語寫作套路
寫作套路
我們知道,文章的結(jié)構(gòu)掌控著文章的全局。作文的內(nèi)容固然重要,但它離不開結(jié)構(gòu)的襯托。沒有結(jié)構(gòu)的內(nèi)容就猶如一盤散沙,令人無所適從。
以下的套路可以幫助初寫者理清思路,使文章不至于離題萬里。恰當(dāng)使用這些套路的關(guān)鍵在于靈活運(yùn)用而不是生搬硬套。(一)、MyViewON…題型
公說公有理,婆說婆有理,許多話題永遠(yuǎn)爭(zhēng)論不休。寫作?嫉木褪沁@種題型。例如:“1、失敗是常有的事。2、人們對(duì)失敗有各種不同的態(tài)度。3、我對(duì)失敗的態(tài)度。”“1、有人認(rèn)為金錢是幸福之本SOURCEOFHAPPINESS。2、也有人認(rèn)為金錢是萬惡之源ROOTOFEVIL。3、我的看法!钡鹊取O旅嫒N套路可任選一個(gè)。
套路一:
People’sviews/ideas/opinionson……varyfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplethinkthat……Theyholdthisopinionbecause……However,othersholdthat……
Astome,Iaminfavorofthefirst/secondidea.Thefollowingarethereasonsof/formychoice/personalinclination.
First,whileitistruethat……,itdoesn’tmeanthat……Besides/Ontheotherhand,……Admittedly,……butthisisnottosaythat……
Therefore/Inaword/Fromthingsmentionedabove,……套路二:
Differentpeoplemayhavedifferentviewson……Itisheldthat……
1Butitisalsoheldthat……
Thosewhoholdthefirstopinion……Incontrast,thosewhoholdthesecondview……
Astome,Iagreewiththelatteropinion.Admittedly,…….Butthisisnottosaythat……
套路三:
Whenaskedaboutatheme,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions……isnoexception.Somepeopletakeitforgranted/say/think/believethat……However,othersholdthat……
AsfarasIamconcerned,Iaminfavorofthefirst/secondview.Thereasonsareasfollows.
First,thereisanelementoftruththat……butitdoesn’tfollowthat……Acaseinpointisthat……Therefore,thefirstviewdoesn’tholdwater/cannotbearmuchanalysis/can’tstanduptocloseexamination.
Inconclusion……(二)、AdvantageandDisadvantageof…題型
事物總是一分為二的。寫作題目中有許多是涉及某一事物的正反兩方面。比如“運(yùn)動(dòng)的積極因素和消極因素”,“雙休日的好處與負(fù)作用”,“新的科技給社會(huì)帶來的好處與問題”等等。凡涉及到利弊的題目時(shí)都可以用下面這個(gè)套路。
套路:
Nowadays,……playsanimportantpart/rolein……Likeeverythingelse,……h(huán)as/havebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Generally,the
advantagecanbelistedasfollows.
First,……Besides,……Mostimportantofall,……
Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,……Tomakemattersworse/worstofall,……
Throughaboveanalysis,Ibelievethattheadvantages/positiveaspectsoutweighthedisadvantage/negativeones.Therefore,……(三)、Howto…題型
辦法人人都有。你能把你想出的辦法一個(gè)一個(gè)地羅列清楚嗎?比如“怎樣才能實(shí)現(xiàn)綠化”,“我是如何克服英語學(xué)習(xí)中的困難的”,“我怎么為我理想的職業(yè)做準(zhǔn)備”等等,就可以用到下面這個(gè)套路。
套路:……
Manywayscancontributetosolvethisseriousproblem,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Firstofall,……Besides,/Anotherwaytosolvetheproblemof……is……Finally,……
Therearenotthebestandtheonlytwo/threemeasureswecantake.Butitshouldbenotedthatweshouldtakestrongactionsto……(四)、AorB…題型
人生面臨著許多抉擇。這在考試寫作中也反映了出來。例如“始終從事一種工作還是經(jīng)常更換工作”,“有選擇的讀書還是博覽群書”等。碰到這種“兩者選一”的題目,便可運(yùn)用下列兩種套路中的一種。
套路一:
Whenwe/you……,we/youface2thechoicebetweenAandB.Beforemakingtherightchoice,we/youhadbettermakeaclosecomparisonandcontrastofthem.
Firstofall,A……Also,B……Second,A……Likewise,B……Despitetheirsimilarities,AandBarealsodifferentinthefollowingaspects.First,A……However,B……Besides,A……Onthecontrary,B……
Therefore,itdependswhich……we/youshouldchoose.Ifwe/you……,we/youshouldchooseA;butifwe/you……,we/youshouldturntoB.
套路二:
Whenwe……,itisinevitabletomeetthechoicebetweenAandB.Weshouldberegardedasinconsiderateifwerushedourdecisionwithoutcomparingorcontrastingthem.
First/Firstofall/Tobeginwith,bothAandB……A……However,B……Besides/Moreover/Inaddition/What’smore,A……However/Incontrast/Onthecontrary/Ontheotherhand,……Finally,themoststrikingdifferenceisthatA……whileB……Therefore,itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicenow.Ifwe……wewillchooseA;butifwe……wewillturntoB.Inaword,thekeyliesin……
(五)、Why…題型
有因必有果,有果必有因?荚嚳荚虻囊埠芏。比如“為什么自行車在中國這么普及”,“我為什么參加這份工作”等等。要說明原因或理由,可用如下兩種套路的任何一種。
套路一:
……Therearemanyreasons/causesfor……,Butingeneral,theycomedowntothreemajorones.Foronething,……Foranother,……Perhapstheprimereason/causeisthat……Fromtheforegoing,…….
套路二:
Therearemanyfactorsthatmayaccountfor/contributeto/responsibleforthereasonwhy……,butthefollowingarethemosttypicalones.First,……Besides/Furthermore/Moreover/Inaddition/What’smore,……Mostimportantofall/Aboveall,……
Allinall/Inconclusion,……
如何寫好開頭和結(jié)尾
一、開頭萬能公式:
1.開頭萬能公式一:名人名言
有人問了,“我沒有記住名言,怎么辦?尤其是英語名言?”,很好辦:編!
原理:我們看到的東西很多都是創(chuàng)造出來的,包括我們欣賞的文章也是,所以盡管編,但是一定要聽起來很有道理.經(jīng)典句型:
Thereisaproverbgoeslikethis/Aproverbsays,“Youareonlyyoungonce.”(適用于已記住的名言)
Itgoeswithoutsayingthatwecannotbeyoungforever.(適用于自編名言)更多經(jīng)典句型:
2.開頭萬能公式二:數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)
原理:要想更有說服力,就應(yīng)該用實(shí)際的數(shù)字來說明。
原則上在議論文當(dāng)中不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)虛假數(shù)字的,可是在考試的時(shí)候哪管那三七二十一,但編無妨,只要我有東西寫就萬事大吉了。所以不妨試用下面的句型:
Accordingtoarecentsurvey,about78.9%ofthecollegestudentswantedtofurthertheirstudyaftertheirgraduation.
看起來這個(gè)數(shù)字文鄒鄒的,其實(shí)都是編造出來的,下面隨便幾個(gè)題目我們都可以這樣編造:
Honesty
根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示,大學(xué)生向老師請(qǐng)假的理由當(dāng)中78%都是假的。
TravelbyBike
根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示,85%的人在近距離旅行的時(shí)候首選的交通工具是自行車。
Youth
根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示,在某個(gè)大學(xué),學(xué)生的課余時(shí)間的70%都是在休閑娛樂。Five-dayWorkWeekBetterthanSix-dayWork?根據(jù)最近的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查顯示,98%的人同意每周五天工作日。更多句型:
Arecentstatisticsshowsthat…二結(jié)尾萬能公式:
3Aseveryoneknows,Noonecandenythat…
1.結(jié)尾萬能公式一:如此結(jié)論
說完了,畢竟要?dú)w納一番,相信各位都有這樣的經(jīng)歷,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)長(zhǎng)篇大論,到最后終于冒出個(gè)“總而言之”之類的話,我們馬上停止開小差,等待領(lǐng)導(dǎo)說結(jié)束語。也就是說,開頭很好,也必然要有一個(gè)精彩的結(jié)尾,讓讀者眼前一亮,這樣,你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子:
Obviously(此為過渡短語),wecandrawtheconclusionthatgoodmannersarisefrompolitenessandrespectforothers.
如果讀者很難“顯而見之”,但說無妨,就當(dāng)讀者的眼光太淺罷了!更多過渡短語:
tosumup,inconclusion,inbrief,onaccountofthis,thus
更多句型:
Thus,itcanbeconcludedthat…,Therefore,wecanfindthat…2.結(jié)尾萬能公式二:如此建議
如果說“如此結(jié)論”是結(jié)尾最沒用的廢話,那么“如此建議”應(yīng)該是最有價(jià)值的廢話了,因?yàn)檫@里雖然也是廢話,但是卻用了一個(gè)很經(jīng)典的虛擬語氣的句型。
Obviously,itishightimethatwetooksomemeasurestosolvetheproblem.
這里的虛擬語氣用得很經(jīng)典,因?yàn)榭脊俦緛斫?jīng)?歼@個(gè)句型,而如果我們自己寫出來,你說考官會(huì)怎么想呢?更多句型:
Accordingly,Irecommendthatsomemeasuresbetaken.
Consequently,tosolvetheproblem,somemeasuresshouldbetaken.
如何寫好主體段落
一、舉實(shí)例
4思維短路,舉實(shí)例!提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),舉實(shí)例!提出一個(gè)方案,舉實(shí)例!而且者也是我們揭示一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)最好的方式,任何情況下,只要我們無法繼續(xù)文章,不管三七二十一,盡管舉例子!
Inordertoattractmorecustomers,advertisershaveadoptedeverypossiblesimulativefactorinmakingads,suchassound,light,colours,cartoonfilmsandhumanperformance.Forinstance,toadvertiseacertainfood,advertiserswillaskanactororactresstositatatableanddevourtheseeminglydeliciousfoodwhiletheyfilmhimorher.
更多句型:
Totake…asanexample,Oneexampleis…,Anotherexampleis…,forexample二、做比較
方法:寫完一個(gè)要點(diǎn),比較與之相似的;又寫完一個(gè)要點(diǎn),再比較與之相反的;世界上沒有同樣的指紋,沒有相同的樹葉,文章亦同,只有通過比較,你才會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)二者的相同點(diǎn)(throughcomparison)和不同點(diǎn)(throughcontrast)。下面是一些短語:相似的比較:
incomparison,likewise,similarly,inthesamemanner相反的比較:
ontheotherhand,conversely,whereas,while,instead,nevertheless,incontrast,onthecontrary,comparedwith…三、一二三原則
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講話總是第一部分、第一點(diǎn)、第二點(diǎn)、第三點(diǎn)、第二部分、第一點(diǎn)…如此羅嗦。可畢竟還是條理清楚?脊賯兛次恼乱脖厝灰ㄟ^這些關(guān)鍵性的“標(biāo)簽”來判定你的文章是否結(jié)構(gòu)清楚,條理自然。破解方法很簡(jiǎn)單,只要把下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)前就清楚了。
1)first,second,third,last(不推薦,原因:俗)
2)firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally(不推薦,原因:俗)
3)thefirst,thesecond,thethird,thelast(不推薦,原因:俗)4)inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,inthethirdplace,5)tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally(強(qiáng)烈推薦)6)tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally(強(qiáng)烈推薦)
7)firstandforemost,besides,lastbutnotleast(強(qiáng)烈推薦)8)mostimportantofall,moreover,finally
9)ontheonehand,ontheotherhand(適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況)10)foronething,foranotherthing(適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況)
5lastly(不推薦,原因:俗)
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